3. A temporal disjunction in the biography She has produced a steady stream of research and theory articles since the mid-1970s. She continued her education, earning a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in nursing from the University of Washington in 1971 and 1973, respectively. In 2003, she was awarded the Sharon A. Lamb Endowed Chair in Symptom Management at the School of Nursing, UCSF. As the data for the larger study were analyzed, it became apparent to Dodd (principal investigator) that the qualitative interview data held significant insights that could further inform the study. Janice Penrod, Lisa Kitko and Chin-Fang Liu, “The uncertainty surrounding a chronic illness like cancer is the uncertainty of life writ large. In addition, she has authored or coauthored several books (Strauss, Fagerhaugh, Suczek, & Wiener, 1997; Wiener, 1981, 2000; Wiener & Strauss, 1997; Wiener & Wysmans, 1990). She is highly sought as a methodological consultant to researchers and students from a variety of specialties. The sample for the larger study included 100 patients and their families. In addition, she has authored or coauthored several books (Strauss, Fagerhaugh, Suczek, & Wiener, 1997; Wiener, 1981, 2000; Wiener & Strauss, 1997; Wiener & Wysmans, 1990). Sampling patients who had a relatively wide range of types of cancers (ranging from gynecological cancers to lung cancer) and both patients undergoing initial chemotherapeutic treatment and those receiving treatment for recurrence contributed significantly to variation in the data set. She then accepted the position of assistant professor at UCSF. The sphere of work includes the person and all others with whom he or she interacts, including family and healthcare providers. Dimensions of Uncertainty She returned to UCSF to pursue her doctorate in sociology and completed her Ph.D. in 1978. Traditionally, illness was thought to be the result of an imbalance in the three anchors of the lokahi triangle (physical, mental/emotional and spiritual). Each patient had been diagnosed with cancer (including breast, lung, colorectal, gynecological, or lymphoma) and was in the process of receiving. Faith in the body is shaken (body failure). The theory explains that health and illness are synthesized as health. Uncertainty abatement work: activities enacted to lessen the impact of temporal, body, and identity uncertainty Dodd’s record in research dissemination is equally illustrious. It should be noted that traditional grounded theory methods typically involve a concurrent, reiterative process of data collection and analysis (Glaser, 1978; Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Practice, 9. 1991;81:1498â505. During her tenure there, Dodd has advanced to the rank of full professor, serving as the director for the Center for Symptom Management at UCSF. The experience of illness always is placed within the biographical context, that is, illness is experienced in the continual flow of the life. Life is perceived to be in a constant state of flux related to illness and treatment. She is highly sought as a methodological consultant to researchers and students from a variety of specialties. USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE She has authored or coauthored 130+ data-based peer-reviewed journal articles, seven books and many book chapters, and numerous editorials, conference proceedings, and review papers (1978, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1997, 2001). By listening to those who are tolerating this exaggerated uncertainty, we can learn much about the trajectory of living.” (Wiener & Dodd, 1993, p.29) Expectations of the present self are distorted by illness and treatment. Dodd’s research was designed to test self-care interventions (PRO-SELF Program) to manage the side effects of cancer treatment (mucositis) and symptoms of cancer (fatigue, pain). Skewed temporality impairs the expected life course. Healing traditions addressed all three and healing occurred in a very holistic way. Although coping with illness has been of interest to social scientists and nursing scholars for decades, Weiner and Dodd clearly explicate that formerly implicit theoretical assumptions have limited the utility of this body of work (Wiener & Dodd, 1993, 2000). As varied role behaviors are enacted, the person monitors reactions of others and a sense of self in an integrated process of establishing meaning. These sampling strategies ultimately contributed to establishing an appropriate sample, especially for revealing a trajectory perspective of change over time. The resultant data set consisted of 300 interviews (three interviews for each of 100 patient-family units) that were obtained at varied points in the course of chemotherapeutic treatment for cancer. The UCSF School of Nursing Annual Publication, The Science of Caring, 13(1), 7. Rather, the trajectory of illness organizes insights to better understand the dynamic interplay of the disruption of illness within the changing contexts of life. As an example of how westernization has affected the lifestyle of many Native Hawaiians, consider how the traditional diet, which was low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates, has changed to a typically western diet, high in fat and low in complex carbohydrates (Blaisdell, 1993, 1996). The experience of illness always is placed within the biographical context, that is, illness is experienced in the continual flow of the life. These activities were enacted to lessen the impact of the varied states of uncertainty induced by undergoing cancer chemotherapy. This “cultural wounding” can result in communal feelings of disruption and a sense of collective helplessness, which can in turn impact one’s “sense of self” and health seeking behaviors. 2. This technique would allow the subjects to introduce almost any topic that was of concern to them (regardless of the subsequent structure of the interview). Types of work are organized around the following four lines of trajectory work performed by patients and families: 1. She has skillfully woven modest internal and external funding with 23 years of continuous National Institutes of Health funding to advance her research. In 2005, Dodd received the prestigious Episteme Laureate (the Nobel Prize in Nursing) Award from the Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. Masking signs of illness or related emotions Her volume of original publications began in 1975. Diseases are examined and compared based on the traditional medicine, economics, religion, and culture that is specific to each region. The sphere of work includes the person and all others with whom he or she interacts, including family and healthcare providers. Supported by Selective sharing with individuals deemed to be positive supporters Then she completed a study examining the quality management and redesign efforts in hospitals and the interplay between agencies and hospitals around the issue of accountability (Wiener, 2000). THEORIES OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS Theories about health and illness deal with the ideas people use to explain how to maintain a healthy state and why they become ill. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. • Identity: the conception of self at a given time that unifies multiple aspects of self and is situated in the body Many Pacific cultures share these or similar beliefs. âThe theory of health as expanding consciousness (HEC) was stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible. This research entitled The PRO-SELF: Pain Control Program—An Effective Approach for Cancer Pain Management was published in Oncology Nursing Forum (West, Dodd, Paul, Schumacher, Tripathy et al., 2003). Her intense collaborative relationship with the late Anselm Strauss (co-originator of grounded theory methods) and prolific experience in grounded theory methods are evidenced by her invited presentations at the Celebration of the Life and Work of Anselm Strauss at UCSF in 1996 and at a conference entitled. Those enacting these strategies affected the conception of self as they monitored others’ responses to the strategy as they attempted to manage living with illness. Ambiguity in reading body signs Concerns surrounding: Medical sociologists study the physical, mental, and social components of health and illness. IRT. Expectations of the present self are distorted by illness and treatment. Brain defects or injury: Defects in or injury to certain areas of the brain have also been linked to ⦠The conception of the former body (the way it used to be) comingles with the altered state of the body at present and the changed expectations for how the body may perform in the future. Wiener is an adjunct professor and research sociologist in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the School of Nursing at UCSF. From (2001). Everyday-life work: activities of daily living, keeping a household, maintaining an occupation, sustaining relationships, and recreation The Theory of Illness Trajectory was expanded through a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected during a prospective longitudinal study that examined family coping and self-care during 6 months of chemotherapy treatment. Her continued excellence and significant contributions to oncology nursing are evidenced by her having been awarded the Oncology Nursing Society/Schering Excellence in Research Award (1993, 1996), the Best Original Research Paper in Cancer Nursing (1994, 1996), the Oncology Nursing Society Bristol-Myers Distinguished Researcher Career Award (1997), and the Oncology Nursing Society/Chiron Excellence of Scholarship and Consistency of Contribution to the Oncology Nursing Literature Career Award (2000). 22. Instead of fishing and agriculture, many Micronesians have come to rely on the canned meat, shortening, and salty, canned fish that is readily available as a result of Micronesia’s past “trust” relationship with the US. Biographical work: the exchange of information, emotional expressions, and the division of tasks through interactions within the total organization, 4. This research entitled The PRO-SELF: Pain Control Program—An Effective Approach for Cancer Pain Management was published in, Dodd’s illustrious career has merited several prestigious awards. â The Spoon Theory â, a personal story by Christine Miserandino, is popular among many people dealing with chronic illness. Marylin J. Dodd was born in 1946 in Vancouver, Canada. Bucking up to avoid stigma or to protect others By 1977, Dodd returned to academe and completed a Ph.D. in nursing from Wayne State University. Using evidence-based medical nutrition therapy along side cutting-edge testing we provide a personalized plan to assist clients in achieving their health and wellness goals. Such disruption affects all aspects of life, including physiological functioning, social interactions, and conceptions of self. Being ill creates a disruption in normal life. Illness Trajectory: States of Uncertainty She earned her bachelor’s degree in interdisciplinary social science from San Francisco State University in 1972. These strategies were highly dynamic and responsive and occurred in varied combinations and configurations across the trajectory of illness for different players in the organization. Her continued excellence and significant contributions to oncology nursing are evidenced by her having been awarded the Oncology Nursing Society/Schering Excellence in Research Award (1993, 1996), the Best Original Research Paper in Cancer Nursing (1994, 1996), the Oncology Nursing Society Bristol-Myers Distinguished Researcher Career Award (1997), and the Oncology Nursing Society/Chiron Excellence of Scholarship and Consistency of Contribution to the Oncology Nursing Literature Career Award (2000). This article describes a middle-range theory of self-care that addresses the process of maintaining health with health promoting practices within the context of the management required of a chronic illness. Her research focuses on organization in healthcare institutions, chronic illness, and health policy. An old adage tells us that nothing in life is certain, except death and taxes. Everyday-life work: activities of daily living, keeping a household, maintaining an occupation, sustaining relationships, and recreation, 3. Meticulous attention was paid to consistency in data collection: family members were consistent and present for each interview, the interview guide was structured, and the same nurse-interviewer conducted each data collection point for a given family. 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